Mabey Group Personal Injury Claim and Compensation

Case – Who should pay ? Source - Course Book, Pg 404 Analyzing the case through 8 steps framework. Step 1: Facts of the Problem and Goal to be achieved. Brief description of the case Gene Elliot finds himself in a cobweb of different companies acting as employers, permanent or temporary and working on the same project, directly or indirectly. Having sustained grave injuries at workplace he sues two companies demanding $2.4 mn in settlement. The companies are trying to shrug off the responsibility by referring to different clauses outlined by the law. As the amount is not even contested, goal is to find which organization should be ethically responsible for the compensation payment. In case the best solution is a break up between†¦show more content†¦The base argument is again the same where companies realise their own responsibilities towards the employee and compensate him for negligence and lack of safety systems. The entire discussion of him being a permanent employee for one company and temporary for other is only a way of escaping the possibility of making a payment. This does not reflect strongly on part of the employe r. Alternative 4 - The parent company Mabey Bridge, despite not being sued, could pay Gene Elliot, in part, full or on some other criteria, as he was its permanent employee. This possibility will come into the picture if all other companies somehow are able to stay clear of any payment. The parent company should definitely do something about its valued employee who was sent to a project by the company on basis of his competencies. Thought the company may not seem directly responsible but they were responsible in selecting and approving the contractor and his choice of company for execution of the work. The employee would trust the choice of his company and hence the company is always responsible for its employee. Step 5: Is there a priority emerging or a hierarchy of ethical requirements that call for specific action? Do any of the alternative capture that?. As this is the case of accident during active employment. We found that following are the ethical requirements that should be adhered to 1) Hassle Free procedure. Victim is already suffering from loss ofShow MoreRelatedManagement Course: Mba−10 General Management215330 Words   |  862 Pagesis emphasized. This is a fundamentally different situation from what once was the often not very productive intermittent emphasis on these â€Å"intangible† and â€Å"soft† assets by â€Å"fireworks displays† of emphasis primarily on the part of corporate staff groups that have long since been downsized in many companies. THE WAY THE COMPANY WORKS: A NEW COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE Pacesetter companies develop these powers of management by changing the focus of their leadership. In the last several years there has

The Between Intelligence And Longevity - 1373 Words

Mental ability can be defined as having the cognitive ability to acquire and preserve knowledge. The prospect of mental abilities being associated to longevity has been an area of interest for social scientists. Scottish Mental Surveys (SMS) of 1932 and 1947 carried a major research on intelligence-longevity association. This essay will demonstrate how different studies have supported the association using the four mechanisms proposed in the Scottish Mental Surveys: (a) bodily insults, (b) bodily system integrity, (c) predictor of healthy behaviour, and (d) predictor of safer environment. (Deary, Whiteman, Starr, Whalley, Fox, 2004) Additional research will be applied to analyse the effectiveness of the causal mechanisms for the relationship between intelligence and longevity, and highlight on limitations in research that may falsify the relationship. Finally, the essay will conclude on whether evidence provided from different mechanisms is explicit enough to support the association , and provide suggestions on how the scope of enquiry can be broadened. Bodily insult is the first proposed mechanism and it refers to risks that are harmful later in health, but are determined prenatally or in childhood. (Deary, Whiteman, Starr, Whalley, Fox, 2004) These insults are likely to be genetic and develop as an individual age. Gene inheritance is the explanation as to why traits are passed down through many generations of human beings. The mechanism, bodily insults, can be linkedShow MoreRelatedEssay on Psychology: The Mozart Effect1332 Words   |  6 Pagesprominent lack of longevity and replication of successful results; the evaluation of arousal levels on spatial and cognitive enhancement; and, finally, the investigation of procedural flaws in key studies. While playing Mozart can marginally increase spatial performance, the longevity of the increase is doubtful. Improved performance lasts on average only 10 to 15 minutes rather than overall improved cognitive ability for a long term duration, leading to doubts as to the longevity of the speculatedRead MoreWhat Factors Affect The Human Race?2731 Words   |  11 Pagesfactors govern and improve longevity. From improving health behaviours, to creating more sophisticated medical treatments, researchers are slowly finding ways to improve our lifespans. But to really improve longevity, we first need to understand what factors cause some individuals to live longer than others. Within the psychological world, research is advancing further, ever deepening our knowledge about the differences between individuals which are associated with longevity. Throughout the literatureRead MoreDoes Childhood Personality Affect Longevity Essay example1189 Words   |  5 Pagesall different dispositional tr aits that you have noticed through the students in your class. Now, what if I were to tell you that these dispositional traits could play a huge role on your student’s longevity? This is a question that psychologists have been mulling over for quite some time. Could longevity be affected by more than just your biological makeup, or the lifestyle that you choose to adopt? Could these somewhat innate dispositional traits play a bigger role on life expectancy than peopleRead MoreHuman Genetic Engineering : Genetically Modified Foods1352 Words   |  6 Pagesfuture and current diseases. Although this could be used for very wrong and naà ¯ve reasons. Transhumanists are people who have developed a belief of Transhumanism in which they believe in three key ideas. The first idea is the idea of Super Longevity. Super longevity is when a human or an organism can live very long periods of time usually more than 100 years due to some technology that has advanced there life cycle, some even go as far as saying immortality such as that of a jellyfish. These organismsRead MoreEmotional Intelligence, Job Satisfaction, and Job Tenure Among Hotel Managers7445 Words   |  30 Pageshttp://www.tandfonline.com/loi/whrh20 Emotional Intelligence, Job Satisfaction, and Job Tenure among Hotel Managers Kara Wolfe Hyun Jeong Kim a a b Bradley University, Family and Consumer Sciences, Peoria, Illinois, USA b School of Hospitality Business Management, College of Business, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA Published online: 27 Feb 2013. To cite this article: Kara Wolfe Hyun Jeong Kim (2013): Emotional Intelligence, Job Satisfaction, and Job Tenure among HotelRead MoreThe Importance Of Being An Effective Manager842 Words   |  4 Pagesrules, they themselves had failed to follow them. Such a discrepancy between the standards set for the employees and the actions of the manager resulted in complete chaos. Given that the organization’s manager was consistently absent, I was catapulted into a managerial role. As an inexperienced manager, I personally undertook the strenuous task of altering the culture that had been formerly established. Using my emotional intelligence, the capacity to be aware of others and their needs to handle relationshipsRead MoreWhy Do A Surgery Or Not?894 Words   |  4 Pagesknowledge of aging because they are used throughout our whole life and different aliments can affect us at different ages in life. A doctor should have knowledge of an older person and their physical and mental iss ues because it can be the difference between deciding to do a surgery or not. A psychologist should have knowledge of older folks mental issues so that they can decide what the older person is going through at that age such as Alzheimer’s. I also feel that these are two very important jobs becauseRead More The Course of Human Evolution Essay1675 Words   |  7 Pagesaddition, interactions between populations of species can also be considered a contributor to the variation in those populations’ life histories (Kaplan et al., 2003). Moreover, the external forces mentioned earlier may strengthen over a long period of time and that may affect development of the species. However, there is evidence indicating that, even though these factors have benefitted human evolution, resulting in extended lifespans, there appears to be some tradeoffs between the costs and benefitsRead MoreThe Eugenics Movement By Sir Francis Galton1680 Words   |  7 PagesThe phrase â€Å"designer baby† was not added to the dictionary until 2004, but the idea had existed in the form of the eugenics movement since Sir Francis Galton published his book Hereditary Genius in 1869. Galton’s research suggested that intelligence is hereditary, and he believed that success is due to superior qualities that were passed down generation through generation. His research further suggested that personality traits and mental abilities were also hereditary (Plucker, 2013). EugenicsRead MoreImplementation Of Business Intelligence On Health Care Organization Essay1424 Words   |  6 PagesImplementation of Business Intelligence on Health Care Organization Mounika Punreddy MS 611 – Project California University of Management and Sciences â€Æ' Abstract The proposed project would investigate critical issues been faced by the healthcare organizations in implementing the business intelligence solutions within the system. In spite of a number of research studies carried out on implementation framework for business intelligence tools, there is negligible literature available specific to the

Unit M2 D1 free essay sample

Use the Drawing Tools tab to change the formatting of the pull quote text box. ] [Type a quote from the document or the summary of an interesting point. You can position the text box anywhere in the document. Use the Drawing Tools tab to change the formatting of the pull quote text box. ] [Type a quote from the document or the summary of an interesting point. You can position the text box anywhere in the document. Use the Drawing Tools tab to change the formatting of the pull quote text box. ] [Type a quote from the document or the summary of an interesting point. You can position the text box anywhere in the document. Use the Drawing Tools tab to change the formatting of the pull quote text box. ] This is the homepage for Gocompare. com which is one of confused. com main rivals and at this moment in time has more market share, I think is due to the fact gocompare. We will write a custom essay sample on Unit M2 D1 or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page com seems to offer customers better deals and more in depth customer promise reports. Gocompare. com advertising is more appealing easy to remember and they offer people who are loyal to the site the chances to be entered into a free draw with the chance to win a free car and the reen livery stands out compared to other competitors. Evaluate how successful a particular business organisation has been in preparing for growing use of e-business. D1 For D1 I will have to evaluate how successful Apple has been in preparing for growing use of E-Business. Overall in the past few years Apple has become more and more successful through preparing for the growth of E-Business for today’s society. The company has taken in and analysed competitors behaviour in order to remain market leaders and stay at the forefront of high end products such as IPhone and there IMacs range. Apple have tried to create a unique feel for their products when compared with Microsoft they have been trying to play catch up with Apple in all the same categories they both operate in. Apple use very different marketing techniques compared to Microsoft which has made Apple the number one brand in the world. One feature that Apple offers that Microsoft doesn’t have is ITunes and an App store which offer customer to buy as much music as they want to be stored on their phone, iPod or computer or mac. This means that Apple appeals to a larger target group and can get more business. One feature that Microsoft offers is paying by card and if Apple didn’t offer this then Microsoft would have an advantage over them, the fact that the company may take every detail from competitors and produces a unique brand shows that they have been successful in coping within the E–Business world. Apple are also offering different feature for their devices that will linked them together through the â€Å"Cloud† a feature that a lot of competitors are looking at also. The â€Å"Cloud† is a virtual storage space where you can keep information for free or for a price depending on how much storage space you want. Apple have marketed this by telling people that all their information can be kept in the cloud safely along with family pictures that could get lost if kept on your computer or mac. For Microsoft they don’t have any stores they have their operating systems in other companies’ computers which are sold at stores like pc world. So for them it’s very important that they keep expanding their E-Business activities and make sure competitors don’t have any advantages over them. Apple went from 357 stores at the end of fiscal 2011 to 390 stores at the end of fiscal 2012, up 33 from the year prior. Apple earned an average of $51. 5 million per store, up from $43. 3 million last year. Over the past year Apple has made over $40 billion in online sales, these figures illustrate that Apple use of promotional techniques. With Apples ever expanding their online features which are becoming more and more successful each year they are putting a lot of pressure on other competitors E-Business strategies and plans. With their pricing strategies and other marketing techniques online are proving to be the best in this competitive market.

Problem Representation in Decision

Problem Representation in Decision-Making There is no need to stress the fact that the angle, from which a problem is viewed, affects the choice of the solution critically. The infamous Cuban Missile Crisis is a graphic example of the representation of the problem going wrong; each side of the conflict being unable to envision the situation from a different perspective, there was no redeemable value in any solution proposed.1Advertising We will write a custom coursework sample on Problem Representation in Decision-Making specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Herein the secret to the solution of all controversial issues lies: they need to be considered from all points of view that there are. The existing evidence shows that ontology, or the problem representation, defines the strategies adopted to address the issue in question. Decision-Making and the Use of Analogies Despite the undeniable fact that every single conflict is unique and, therefore, requires an original approach, which has been tailored in order to satisfy the demands of specific stakeholder, it would be wrong to deny the significance of analogies. One must keep in mind, though, that analogies should be used with a grain of salt when identifying the correct approach towards a certain dilemma. Using analogies as the key strategy in the decision-making process is also quite a dubious strategy, as at times, analogies may seem rather deceptive: â€Å"not all analogies within a person’s repertoire are equal.†2 Therefore, the only possible way of integrating analogies into the decision-making process is to incorporate all possible scenarios into the design of the solution. Driving a parallel between two specific historical events may seem an opportunity to evaluate the efficacy of a specific approach towards a similar issue, yet it cannot be viewed as the silver bullet to any confrontation period; quite on the contrary, the use of analogies shows that, to attain success in negotiations, one must be flexible enough to tailor a certain strategy to a specific political or social situation and, therefore, design a unique solution based on previous experience. True, an analogy can be utilized as a dependent variable in the analysis of a particular scenario.3 Nevertheless, any analogy must still be considered as merely an option of viewing the problem from a different perspective, and not an end in itself. The Role of Counterfactual Reasoning in Making a Choice As much as it is necessary to keep the focus on the actual situation and analyze the facts that have been presented, one still has to admit that the use of counterfactual information can also be considered among the most efficient methods of analyzing the past mistakes and learning to avoid them in the future: â€Å"Counterfactual reasoning thus seems unavoidable if one wants to study the past.†4Advertising Looking for coursework on government? Let's see i f we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In other words, the counterfactual ideas provide a different option of viewing the conflict and, therefore, create the premises for a faster location of the existing solution. In many ways, counterfactual data helps attain a compromise even in the situations that seemingly offer very little choices to make by allowing the participants to make historical parallels.5 Reaching a reasonable compromise is the desirable outcome of any confrontation, and, when being in the process of negotiation, one must bear in mind the specifics of conflict solution, particularly, the necessity to represent a problem properly, the need to take the counterfactual arguments into consideration together with the basic information, and the importance of analogies. Once the priorities are set straight, a compromise can be attained. Bibliography Brà ¤ndstrà ¶m, Annika, Frederick Bynander and Paul Hart. †Governing by Looking Back: Historical Analogies and Crisis Management.† Public Administration, vol. 82, no. 1 (2004), p. 193. Khong, Yuen Foong. â€Å"The Psychology of Analogical Reasoning.† Analogies at War. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1992. pp. 209–250. Sylvan, David and Stephen Majeski. â€Å"A Methodology for the Study of Historical Counterfactuals.† International Studies Quarterly, vol. 42, no. 1 (1998), pp. 79–108. Sylvan, Donald A. and Stuart J. Thorson, â€Å"Ontologies, Problem Representation, and the Cuban Missile Crisis,† The Journal of Conflict Resolution, vol. 36, no. 4 (1992), pp. 709–732.Advertising We will write a custom coursework sample on Problem Representation in Decision-Making specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Taylor, Andrew J. and John T. Rourke. â€Å"Historical Analogies in the Congressional Foreign Policy Process.† The Journal of Politics, vol. 57, no. 2 (1995), p. 460–468. Footnotes 1. Donald A. Sylvan and Stuart J. Thorson, â€Å"Ontologies, Problem Representation, and the Cuban Missile Crisis,† The Journal of Conflict Resolution, vol. 36, no. 4 (Dec., 1992), pp. 720. 2. Yuen Foong Khong, â€Å"The Psychology of Analogical Reasoning,† Analogies at War (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1992), p. 248. 3. Andrew J. Taylor and John T. Rourke, â€Å"Historical Analogies in the Congressional Foreign Policy Process,† The Journal of Politics, vol. 57, no. 2 (1995), p. 463. 4. David Sylvan and Stephen Majeski, â€Å"A Methodology for the Study of Historical Counterfactuals,† International Studies Quarterly, vol. 42, no. 1 (1998), p. 80. 5. Annika Brà ¤ndstrà ¶m, Frederick Bynander and Paul Hart, †Governing by Looking Back: Historical Analogies and Crisis Management,† Public Administration, vol. 82, no. 1 (2004), p. 193. This coursework on Problem Representation in Decision-Making was written and submitted by user Kallie Riggs to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Revolution Of 1800 Essays - United States, Military Personnel

Revolution of 1800 The Revolution of 1800 was monumental in the development of the United States as a nation. It proved to other nations that the republican experiment began by the revolutionary seed of independence could not only thrive, but succeed. In the fierce political battles of Adam's term this orderly exchange of power seemed impossible to ever achieve but this election proved all the skeptics wrong. The Revolution of 1800 was so named by the winner of the 1800 election, Thomas Jefferson. He called this election a revolution because his party, the Republicans, peacefully and orderly received the power with nothing but acceptance by the federalists. This was how the founding fathers designed the government to be. It was revolutionary for America because this was not even achieved in England until a full generation later and this country was only a little over 20 years old. Other countries began to look up to a respect, maybe even copy the advances that this democracy was making. There were fierce political battles during Washington's and Adam's terms as president and it seemed that if the balance of power was changed that the upset party would rebel. This election obviously quieted any fears of rebellion and symbolized that all the people in America respected and honored the wishes of other Americans and of the government. The Revolution of 1800 clearly was an omen for the continued success and growth of the United States of America.

Computers in Education essays

Computers in Education essays Each year, new technologies hold the promise to alter the way we think and learn. Computers are prevalent everywhere, and they are making their way into school systems around the country. It is obvious that there is a demand for technological instruction in high school and college. However, the question of if computers should be implemented into early childhood classrooms is still prudent. With computers all around us, it is inevitable that children will be exposed to them, and they will eventually be facilitated into their daily lives. The purpose of this research paper is to explore the advantages, disadvantages, and methods of integrating computers into the early childhood classroom. Early childhood experiences should maximize young childrens overall growth and development. Their eyes should be opened to the wonderment of learning and the pleasures of discovery. Computers can by an important tool to optimize young childrens potential, and help aid the learning process. Before deciding to introduce children to computers, it is important to address the potential benefits and dangers the machines have on youths. (Peek and Newby 164) Some people believe that computers should not have a place in early childhood classrooms. They speculate that computers will rob children of their childhood, replace other activities, reduce creativity, and lead to social isolation. It is feared that computers will force them to learn what they are not ready to learn. The machines are often viewed as one more thing to rush young children through their vital childhood years. Whether computers will rob children of their childhood totally depends on how they are used. If children are forced to use computers for lengthy periods of time with drill software, computers could very well rob them of their childhood. On the other hand, if computers are used in appropriate ways that meet childrens development level, they can benefit...

Journal assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Journal assignment - Essay Example in a sign of a heartless effort to punish her because she left her previous employer who happened to be a member of British Parliament, MP and also minister Mark Harper, There are many stories like hers as Britain is a magnet of illegal immigrants because the cities of the country are largely cosmpolitan and their presence is hardly noted among a multitude of various nationalities. It may be a case of implementing strict immigration laws no matter who is the culprit but at times there should be some kind of consideration. As what happened, Isabella was forcibly put on a plane and deported back to Colombia. She is now all alone in Medellin, Colombia with no relative to help he out and no prospects of another good job too. Compassion and kindness could have saved her but the immigration authorities had to draw a line somewhere otherwise the United Kingdom will be full of illegal or undocumented immigrants. August 09, 2014. The Economist: â€Å"Women in politics: treating the fair sex fairly.† by writing staff. . This article discussed how women in politics had fared in five countries, namely: Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, and the United States of America. It seems the research study by the authors cited in this article are of the opinion that female ministers in top government posts were appointed in a fair manner unlike the popular perception that female politicians and ministers had been usually appointed to their posts as mere tokinism. This is certainly not the case in Colombia so the country has a good record of equality among both genders. Women in politics were measured by number of bills they had passed or the legislation they had sponsored, how long they had stayed in office and other criteria such as how easy they got replaced by male apppointees. This is a welcome

Perception of nuclear power associated risks and communication Dissertation

Perception of nuclear power associated risks and communication stratergy - Dissertation Example The current research focuses on public perceptions of nuclear power both within the UK and abroad, namely the pattern of their formation and evolution over time, considering ways of approach to the general public, which would allow of better acceptance of this energy source; with the overall aim to suggest starting points for further discussion about how the public perceptions of nuclear power could be improved, which would eventually result in adequate communication strategy being produced. The research meets its objectives through an extensive study of relevant literature, including newspaper articles, books and book chapters, online publications, study reports and case studies, governmental reports and regulatory organisations’ reviews, which contain various statistical data, including such as views on nuclear power electricity generation and development of new nuclear plants; information on nuclear accidents occurrence and impact, global energy demand and supply, alternati ve energy sources (fossil fuel and renewables) in regard to climate change and their economic accessibility and competitiveness, etc. The research also includes a case study based on a survey, which was being conducted within a 100-strong sample of respondents in the UK via Survey Monkey on the Internet. Finally, the research has produced a number of key findings and drawn certain conclusions and recommendations. Acknowledgements I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my Dissertation Supervisor, Dr Sara Thorne (nee Gentle), for her valuable advice, constructive criticism and direction, without which, completing this research wouldn’t be possible. Table of Contents Abstract 2 Acknowledgements 3 Table of Contents 4 List of Acronyms 5 List of Figures 7 Introduction 9 Background 9 The problem 10 The research in outline 12 Literature Review 14 Introductory notes 14 Nuclear power plant operation and related issues 15 Energy statistics 17 Public opinion polls & statistics c oncerning nuclear power 18 Nuclear power associated risks, accidents and current level of safety 19 Public perceptions of nuclear power 20 Costs Competitiveness 21 The anti-nuclear point of view 21 Other 21 Research Methodology 24 Research focus 24 Research aims and objectives 24 Research questions 25 Research method 27 Research limitations 28 Energy vs Energy 29 Introductory notes 29 Nuclear power overview 30 Primary energy demand and supply, and electricity generation 31 Economics of different forms of electricity generation 36 Environmental Impact and Health Effects 40 Safety and Security Issues 43 Joe Public and Nuclear Power – a Rather uneasy Relationship 47 Introductory notes 47 The nuclear power debate – standpoints and leading actors 48 The role of the mass media 50 Politics’ Involvement 51 The Experts’ View 52 Case Study: Perception of Nuclear Power – Variations and Motives 53 Let’s Get Real 58 The Current Approach: What is Wrong? 5 8 Could Refined Communication Make a Difference? 60 Nuclear Power is Safe - Does it Work? 64 From Theory to Practice 66 Summary and Conclusions 68 Summary 68 Conclusion and Recommendations 70 Appendices 71 Questionnaire design 71 References 73

Summary Module 7 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Summary Module 7 - Essay Example on should follow both the theological and philosophical nature to shade the light on the truth by reducing the difference between the west and the east as far as Christianity perspectives are concerned. The Encyclical Redemption mission calls the church to make it known to all that the Gospel is the truth through definitive word of Jesus in full. This is because the beliefs by other religions about Jesus, which are not true, and they should be ignored. Obedience, faith and the truth should be the guidance to the church when proclaiming the word of God as Jesus died after instructing us to do so. The church should understand that the word is the true picture of revelation through Jesus Christ and the Holy Spirit. This as seen in the New Testament shows that God sent Jesus to the world to die for us and that whoever wants to see God has to pass through Christ. Initially, children who die before baptism were believed to go to hell because of the inherited sins from their parents as per Augustine’s thought. This is a changed belief in the Catholic, as the penalty of sin will be burdened to the actual sinner. The children will enjoy peace with God according to pope Innocent III. Since we live in the world of faith and hope, we should have hope for the better of the children who die due to abortion. In the Bible Jesus point out that, children will inherit the kingdom of God and they should not be prohibited from coming to the Christ as per the book of Mathew in the New Testament. Evangelism vita by John Paul II indicates that children while still in the wombs of their mothers are Godly objects of Fatherly loving. This means that they are blessed before they are born. It is illogical to judge the fate of unbaptized children as it is only the jurisdiction of the Creator. From the New Testament, Jesus teaches about going to heaven to be entailing knowing Jesus and being born again. In patristic period, it gave a provision for salvation outside the church only to those

Information systems of ford motor company

Information systems of ford motor company Since Information System is a concept for competitive advantage which defined in the early 80s, there are lots of companies invested at information technology. Until now, there is a survey shows that information technology investment is being more and more in every company. It is showing that, Information system is a foundation for conducting business today. In many businesses, survival and the ability to achieve strategic business goals is difficult without extensive use of information technology. It is because information technology can help a company more easy to gain competitive by achieving operational excellence, developing new products and services, enhanced customer and supplier intimacy and exploiting digital markets. So nowadays, information system is very important for every company. This essay will discuss how useful of information system in business, by using Ford Motor Company as an example which using information system to enhanced customer and supplier intimacy in customer relationship management system (CRM). Ford Motor Companys organization and environment The Ford motor company was formed in 1903 by Henry Ford whose aim was to provide the people with a cheap and affordable car that any middle class employed person could own. Ford Motor Company is a famous company which selling automotive. It is also a global automotive industry leader based in Dearborn, Michigan. It manufactures or distributes automobiles across six continents. In 1995, Ford had embarked on an ambitious restructuring plan called Ford 2000, which included merging its North American, European, and international automotive operations into a single global. Ford 2000 helps company reduce the cost by reengineering and globalizing corporate organizations and processes. The major reengineering projects were initiated around major company processes such as Order to Delivery (OTD) and Ford Production System (FPS), with goals such as reducing OTD time from more than 60 days to less than 15 days. Ford also launched a public Internet site in mid- 1995; by mid- 1997 the number of visits to the site had reached more than 1 million per day. A companywide Intranet was launched in mid- 1996. And by January 1997 Ford had in place a business-to-business capability through which the Intranet could be extended in a secure manner beyond company boundaries into an Extranet potentially connecting Ford with its suppliers. Ford teamed with Chrysler and General Motors to work on the Automotive Network Exchange, which can help suppliers to manage different means of interaction with each automaker to be consistency in technology standards and processes in the supplier network. In the supply chain area, there was general agreement that information technology also could be deployed to dramatically enhance material flows and reduce inventories, substituting information for inventory, as the expression went. So in the plan of Ford 2000, for meeting the aim on reengineering projects, having a nice supply chain management systems and customer relationship management systems can help the company more close to suppliers and customers which can easy to reduce the cost on order to delivery system and ford production system. As that time Internet revolution unfolded in parallel, Ford Motor Company created new possibilities for reengineering processes within and between enterprises by using Internet. Fords Existing Supply Base The existing supply base was in many respects a product of history. Start in early 1990s, Ford had begun to try actively to decrease the number of suppliers the company dealt with directly. Rather than using a large amount to buy individual components, it shifts to have long-term relationships with a subset of very capable suppliers who would provide entire vehicle subsystems. By doing that, Ford can easier to have a well link with major suppliers which can help Ford easier to improving a range of techniques such as just-in-time and total quality management. Ford Motor Companys SCM and CRM technology of Information system Ford Production System In restructuring plan, Ford 2000, the most important is reengineering projects; one of these projects is Ford Production System, it is an information system to achieve a close relationship to suppliers. Its aim is that improve the process on making motor to be more pull-based system, with synchronized production, continuous flow, and stability throughout the process. To achieve that, Ford could tell suppliers exactly when and where certain components would be needed days in advance, and buffer stocks thus could be reduced dramatically. If this system can work successfully, the benefits would be felt throughout the supply chain. Order to Delivery For another key process Ford reengineering projects is looking for improve the customer relationship management system. The information system to do that is Order to Delivery, the purpose of this system was to reduce to 15days the time from a customers order to delivery of the finished product. The Order to Delivery vision was to create a lean, flexible, and predictable process that harmonized the efforts of all of Fords components to enable it to provide consumers with right product in right place at right time, which means that it can help Ford Motor Company meet the just-in-time technique. By achieving Order to Delivery, Ford believed that it would provide better quality, higher customer satisfaction, improved customer selection, better plant productivity, stability for its supply base, and lower dealer and company costs. Ford Retail Network On 1 July, 1998, Ford Motor Company launched the first of its Ford Retail Network ventures in Tulsa, Oklahoma, under the newly formed Ford Investment Enterprises Company. The principle of Ford Retail Network was that giving consumers the highest level of treatment and create an experience they would want to come back to again and again. The showrooms would be consolidated to focus resources on creating a superior selling experience, while the number of service outlets would increase to be closer to customer population centers. Then Ford can reduce the cost on advertising as well as more and more on using Internet to provide the service to the customers as the information system can analysis the needs for customers effectively. Using SAPÂ ® software Until now, Ford not only just follows the web-site to provide the service to customers, for achieving total supply chain visibility in real time, increasing dealer and customer service satisfaction and minimizing costs, especially ongoing IT costs, Ford also using SAPÂ ® software, to improve the performance on supply chain management and customer relationship management. Business models for Ford Motor Company Three generic strategies Cost Leadership Under Porter (1985), he regarded the selection of a defendable position within an industry as the end result of a competitive strategic analysis. He argued that successful, profitable companies generally choose to compete on either low costs or by differentiating their products to meet specific customer needs. Although these two strategic options are mutually exclusive, he added a third category of firms as niche players that serve a specific market or product segment. Porters three generic strategies are: cost leadership, differentiation and focus. Henry Ford was a farmers son whose manufacturing genius transformed life around the globe (Ford Motor Company, 2010). So that Ford Motor Company is following the business models which Henry Ford want to be. It is the cost leadership. In the automobile industry, Ford Motor Company can meet its business model, cost leadership. As Porter (1985) stated that cost leadership is about being the lowest cost producer in the industry. For an organization to gain competitive advantage, it must achieve overall cost leadership in an industry it is competing in. To lowest the cost, there are many techniques and methodology for organizations to use. Among the popular and successful techniques used by successful organizations worldwide in enhancing quality, productivity, lowering cost are six methodology, Total Quality Management (TQM), Benchmarking Competitors, Just-in-Time (JIT), Supply Chain Management (SCM), Total Productive Maintenance (TPM) and MRP solutions. When Ford Motor Company developed the information system, it is easier to achieve this business model. It is because Ford using information system to improve the relationship to customers and suppliers. Ford develop the Ford Production System can help it to improve Supply Chain Management system to be a competitive advantage. And also, the Order to Delivery system can reduce the time, which means Ford can easier to achieve the just-in-time techniques. Not only these two reasons, but also the major reason of Ford can achieve this business model, cost leadership, is that Ford through developing information system to get a power on using a cheaper price to buy the material from suppliers. By that, Ford can reduce the cost effectively, thats why Ford Motor Company can achieve cost leadership. Ford developed the information system is focus on enhanced customer and supplier intimacy, it is looking for what customers want to, not for what company what to develop. So that means, Ford is not just focus on narrow target. It is because different customers need different type of cars. Value Chain Porter (1985) stated that value chain model is a systematic way of analyzing all the firms activities and evaluating how they interact with each other. Such an examination is necessary in order to identify potential sources of competitive advantage. For Porter, the value chain can be consisted for five primary activities (including inbound logistics, operations, outbound logistics, marketing and sales, and service) and four support activities (including firm infrastructure, human resource management, technology development and procurement). The value chain of the Ford Motor Company is not all that different from other manufacturers in the automobile industry. However, when Ford Motor Company developed information system, it helped Ford to improve its value chain. In one of support activities, Procurement, Ford through its information system, Ford Production System, to improve the relationship of suppliers, it is not only helping Ford to reduce the cost for buying material, but also working closely with its suppliers to eliminate waste and thereby lower costs for both organizations. This should be a win-win situation for both companies and should help lift Ford from its near-last ranking in supplier relations. The next activity for information system to improve is technology development. Ford through the information system, Ford Retail Network, to understand the value of consumer input and what consumer needed, which can help Ford easier to design a successful modern design technologies. They have initiated tailoring design models after public demand. This method has proven highly successful in recent financial periods. Marketing is also a very important aspect of the Ford. By using Ford Retail Network system, Ford has been working together with dealers or buys all dealers to collect more information to create marketing strategies that help boost sales. This is proven to be the primary basis for the consumers perceived values. Ford has also teamed-up with Caterpillar Logistics and SAP to improve warehousing and its Daily Parts Advantage network for getting spare parts to their dealers. Their hope in partnering with Cat Logistics was to secure a partner with expertise in the automotive supply chain, laying a foundation for development of a new information system. The goal was to obtain end-to-end visibility of service parts, increase the speed of time to market, optimize inventories at each location, and do a better job serving the customer (Supply Chain Brain). Along with Cat Logistics and SAP, Ford is also using an SAS platform that supports customer relationship management (CRM). This SAS platform enhances Fords existing customer relationship database and provides a powerful base for information analysis, data mining and predictive modeling thus enabling highly effective reporting, trending, segmentation, customer scoring, and customer life-cycle analysis all of which support key activities for CRM. As information system can improve lots of activities in value chain, it can help the company to gain the competitive advantage. Problems and challenges in the development of the Information System When Ford Motor Company developed the information system, it needs to face lots of challenges. Here are some of them. Costly and timely As Ford is a large company, it is very costly on developing information system. There are complex pieces of software which Ford developed to achieve its competitive advantage. To develop these large system, Ford need to spend its recourses. Not only the cost on buying software and hardware of the system, but also other cost such as consulting fees, personnel costs, training. Also, most of them need to spend time to develop. For Ford Motor Company, it has large team on Information Technology, which needs to hire lots of employees to work. There are costly on the salaries and also it needs spend over one mouth to train the employees to understand the system and use the system. As Ford adopts an enterprise application from SAP, it is very costly to switch SAP and it become dependent on SAP to upgrade its product and maintain its installation. Hard to collect information Some of the information systems which developed by Ford focus on supply chain management. These systems require multiple organizations to share information and business processes. It is difficult for each participant to change of its process and the way it uses information to create a system that best serves the supply chain as whole. Also, there are different policies in different company; Ford cannot collect the information fully for its suppliers as some of the information may be the secrecy. Hard to handle the technology As the technology of information system such as internet is growth quickly, it is not easy for Ford Motor Company to understand clearly about the technology, it will be a risk on losing money when develop that technology. So when developing the information system, Ford needs to make sure it understands what is its usage clearly. Conclusion In short, Ford uses information technology on business manager, SCM and CRM, for enhanced customer and supplier successfully. It can see that information system can help Ford achieve its business model. Nowadays, every company will develop the information system to achieve competitive, most of them have the e-business, too. It is surly that information system is a very useful and major tool to help company to meet their aims. However, it does not mean have information system can help the company to do a successful business, because the most important is that company have a correct business strategy. As the example on Ford, its business model is cost leadership; it is a great competitive advantage at early 1900s when Ford provided Model T cars. However, following the change of environment, it is not work now. So, if a company want to achieve competitive, it is not only focusing on develop information system, but also focusing on the business strategy.

Visualizing Eternity in Walt Whitmans Song of Myself Essay -- Song of

Visualizing Eternity in Walt Whitman's Song of Myself Whitman's poem "Song of Myself #44" stands as a confession and testaments of not only who he is and what he is, but also as who we are, we being people in general. The poem is not about a self-idolizing author claiming to be the greatest being of all time. Instead it paints a picture for all mankind alike to relate to. It puts a mirror in front of the world and presents an angle of an image that, though familiar, we have never seen or realized before. In the very beginning of the poem, Whitman addresses the world upon a pedestal, asking them to stand and explore with him the unknown. And what is unknown is eternity and the meaning of life. From this beginning there is a tone of a confession or a speech that is set out to reveal something new and something of importance. He "strips away" what is known, or rather, all the little things of life, that which really does not matter much, and tries to get to the bottom of it all. And what lies at the bottom is eternity. This is the unexplainable, the unattainable, but also the essential. Eternity cannot be captured by people, it "lies in bottomless reservoirs"(1136). It is a force that has been present for many years, and will continue forth for more than anyone will ever know. But it is through this force that people have grown and learned to exist. The poem puts in writing the constantly moving force of life and time. We were born somewhere along the line of life and will die somewhere as well, but we still were present in the nurturing existence of time; everyone has his or her time, place, and moment of life. In line 1142, Whitman writes, in my opinion, a kind of commentary of society, that whi... ...nd then to "Monstrous sauroids" or dinosaurs roaming the earth. The whole process has "been steadily employed to complete and delight me"(1167). I do not feel that he intentionally means that he alone is the product of the universe's existence, but I feel that he speaks of himself in such a way but does not exclude everyone else from the realization that they too are the end result of history. It reads to me more like a confidence boaster rather than an egotistical look at life. But this is arguable as, in the beginning of the poem, he says "It is time top explain myself"(1133), but he includes as along by saying "I launch all men and women forward with me into the unknown"(1134), so it is a matter of perspective. I feel, however, that it is not just Whitman but everyone who can now stand as the completion of nature, the final product of history, which is life. Visualizing Eternity in Walt Whitman's Song of Myself Essay -- Song of Visualizing Eternity in Walt Whitman's Song of Myself Whitman's poem "Song of Myself #44" stands as a confession and testaments of not only who he is and what he is, but also as who we are, we being people in general. The poem is not about a self-idolizing author claiming to be the greatest being of all time. Instead it paints a picture for all mankind alike to relate to. It puts a mirror in front of the world and presents an angle of an image that, though familiar, we have never seen or realized before. In the very beginning of the poem, Whitman addresses the world upon a pedestal, asking them to stand and explore with him the unknown. And what is unknown is eternity and the meaning of life. From this beginning there is a tone of a confession or a speech that is set out to reveal something new and something of importance. He "strips away" what is known, or rather, all the little things of life, that which really does not matter much, and tries to get to the bottom of it all. And what lies at the bottom is eternity. This is the unexplainable, the unattainable, but also the essential. Eternity cannot be captured by people, it "lies in bottomless reservoirs"(1136). It is a force that has been present for many years, and will continue forth for more than anyone will ever know. But it is through this force that people have grown and learned to exist. The poem puts in writing the constantly moving force of life and time. We were born somewhere along the line of life and will die somewhere as well, but we still were present in the nurturing existence of time; everyone has his or her time, place, and moment of life. In line 1142, Whitman writes, in my opinion, a kind of commentary of society, that whi... ...nd then to "Monstrous sauroids" or dinosaurs roaming the earth. The whole process has "been steadily employed to complete and delight me"(1167). I do not feel that he intentionally means that he alone is the product of the universe's existence, but I feel that he speaks of himself in such a way but does not exclude everyone else from the realization that they too are the end result of history. It reads to me more like a confidence boaster rather than an egotistical look at life. But this is arguable as, in the beginning of the poem, he says "It is time top explain myself"(1133), but he includes as along by saying "I launch all men and women forward with me into the unknown"(1134), so it is a matter of perspective. I feel, however, that it is not just Whitman but everyone who can now stand as the completion of nature, the final product of history, which is life.

Islam Religion Dbq

3/4/11 Islam DBQPer: 4 Islam was a fast spreading religion in a time when Christianity and other religions had already established themselves. Islam gained a reputation as a violent religion when it attacked and conquered areas, and made violent threats. Islam also presented itself as a religion of reward, equality, and protection. Once Islam had established itself in so many areas, it used other techniques to keep their reign. The Muslims way of spreading and keeping their empire was what made it one of the most studied empires in history.Violent attacks and threats are a part of the history of Islam. One of the main reasons Islam even got its foot was the attack on Mecca that Muhammad led. Threats were sometimes used as a strategy to convert people, such as when Muhammad told the leader of the Christian Arab tribe: â€Å"Obey the Lord and his Apostle, and he will defend you†¦ But if ye oppose and displease them†¦ I will fight against you and take captive your little ones and slay the elder†. (Doc 1) There often did end up being battles between Muslims and the Non-Muslims.An excerpt from â€Å"History Today† said: â€Å"Koranic revelation commanded them to â€Å"Fight in the cause of God against those who fight you, but do not be the aggressors† (Doc5). The Islamic power was rapidly rising as it continued the conquests. With so much power, many people may have converted out of fear of them. The strong force the Muslims presented was enough to convert many people. Sir Edward Crecy describes the Battle of Tours â€Å"everything gave way to their [swords]†¦ all the nations of the Franks trembled at that terrible army†¦ attacked Tours†¦ nd the fury and cruelty of the Moslems towards the inhabitants of the city were like the fury and cruelty of raging tigers. †(Doc 4). Like any other religion, Islam promised rewards for obeying its laws and believing. The Qur’an says â€Å"whoever shall obey God and His Apostle, he shall bring him into the gardens of [Paradise]. †(Doc 2) Other religions at this time also had some form of heaven, but this seemed much simpler than a Karma cycle, and was very appealing. A life after death has always been a fascinating mystery to many of mankind, and the idea of the paradise is often mentioned in Islam.Other rewards, like money, were what motivated many conquests in the first place. In the History of the Arabs, it says â€Å"the objective in most cases being [riches] and not the gaining of a permanent foothold† (Doc 7). Money was a definite and quick reward, unlike the promise of Paradise. Islam also promised protection and equality in the faith. The idea that men and women of any social class would be considered equal through their faith is cited in the History of the Arabs: â€Å"Their leader is like one of them: the low cannot be distinguished from the high, nor the master from the slave.And when prayer time comes, all wash their hands and feet and humbly pray. † (Doc 3) This kind of equality within a religion was introduced within Christianity as well. The two religions have many similarities, and a document on how the Christians and other faiths reacted to the new spread of Muslim power would have been useful. To fully understand the effects of the Islam Empire, the way people reacted or did not react to the new power is necessary. These original ideas of the Islam faith were what started the movement that became the vast empire.Islam gained its original followers not from force, but from the appeal of the religion. The ideology and beliefs are what makes Islam the second most popular religion in the world today. By 750 C. E the Islam Empire had spread all the way from Arabia through Africa to Spain. (Doc 8) They had gotten this far by violence and persuasion. Once they had established themselves, they had to find ways to keep their empire without protest. The reasons this was an empire were the conquests and power the Muslims had over Non-Muslims.Being a Muslim at this time meant protection, status, and security. The Non- Muslims were given rules they had to follow to secure their protection. A Muslim writer, Syed Ameer Ali writes â€Å"The Moslems, on the other hand, required from others a simple guarantee of peace, tribute in return for protection, or perfect equality- on condition of the acceptance of Islam†(Doc 6) Non-Muslims weren’t treated like some other empires had treated the conquered peoples.They were tolerant, and while they did try and convert many people, they allowed other monotheistic religions to remain. J. J. Saunders in â€Å"History Today† says â€Å"Mohammed respected the older monotheistic faiths†¦ he called them â€Å"People of the Book†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ they were not forced into Islam but were allowed to retain their ancestral religion on payment of tribute† (Doc 5) The Islam empire was unlike any other empire because it was not a country that was taking over but a religion.Therefore it had more potential to succeed because of their tolerance and belief. The spread of the Islam Empire was caused by many factors. Their violent conquests were what initially spread the empire. The rewards and appeal of the religion is what gave it its foothold and converted many people. The tolerance and belief is what kept the empire from crumbling for many years. The Muslims had cracked the code of empires. They knew how to spread and keep an empire quickly. The Islam Empire set its mark on history, and its effect is still seen today.

Opium War as a Turning Point in World History essays

Opium War as a Turning Point in World History essays For hundreds of years before the nineteenth century, Westerners had been trying to gain a strong economic foothold in China. However, they were limited to one small, designated commercial outlet in Canton. The British were not satisfied with these arrangements and they yearned to reach a larger crowd. Despite negotiations with China through those such as Lord Macartney and Lord Almherst, new arrangements could not be made. The Chinese, who already had a self-sufficient economy, did not want their culture to be tainted by Westernization. In the 1800s, the British devised a scheme to commercialize in China. They would use opium, a highly addictive narcotic that produces a rush of euphoria followed by an intense dreamy state. Opium was grown in northeastern India, which was controlled by the British East India Company at the time, and sent to China, where it had been used for medicinal purposes for hundreds of years. Although the Chinese had officially prohibited the use of opium, the drug was in high demand and the British, who were known was leaders in the drug trade, wasted no time marketing and profiting from this lucrative venture. The Chinese, unfortunately, gradually became unable to balance their trade of tea and silk for opium and turned to smuggling. In 1839, Lin Zexu was appointed by the Chinese government to help stop the Opium Trade. He tried to appeal to Britains Queen Victoria through morals and practical grounds, but the British refused to hear him stating that if the Chinese didnt want the opium they wouldnt buy it. He even threatened to stop the trade of rhubarb, which Europeans used as a laxative. After negotiations with Queen Victoria failed, Lin Zexu began to impose penalties upon smokers, arrest dealers, and seize supplies from drug traffickers. Unluckily, when he tried to blockade the foreign factory area in Canton, the British retaliated and launched a naval attack that began the Opiu...

Anthropology Personal Statement Writing Essay Example

Anthropology Personal Statement Writing Essay Example Anthropology Personal Statement Writing Essay Anthropology Personal Statement Writing Essay â€Å"Anthropology demands the open-mindedness with which one must look and listen, record in astonishment and wonder that which one would not have been able to guess.† (Margaret Mead) The main purpose of crafting an anthropology personal statement is to convince the board of the university to accept your admission application. It is imperative that the purpose for applying for admission in the college should be apparent in the admission essay. While writing the anthropology statement of purpose, you should determine your audience. It means that you should first determine who you are writing for and why. The targeted audience who will review your admission essay will be comprised of those admission officers who are experts in your field of interest. Through the personal statement you need to persuade those officers that you have what it takes to be a proficient anthropologist. There are some universities that provide you a list of specific questions and expect you to address those questions in the statement of purpose accurately. If any question has numerous parts, ensure that you address each part of that question effectively. It is also very important to go through the list of specifications carefully so that you don’t miss out on any crucial details. The opening paragraph of the anthropology statement is very important because it introduces your passion to the readers. It tells the readers why the candidate wants to explore anthropology field or what encouraged the candidate to do so. Keep in mind that a convincing personal statement is one that looks like it is crafted especially for the admission officers. Therefore, don’t worry about the format of your statement. You may check out few sample statement to learn about the basic elements of an engaging anthropology personal statement. Sample statements are easily accessible these days, thanks to the internet. There are also many websites that offer students to post their personal statements which have been accepted in numerous academies. By reviewing those statements you can easily figure out the essential elements that a particular university seeks in a statement of purpose. The statement of purpose should be written in simple and straightforward language. Though it is true that sometimes technical jargons are necessary to be used in the statement, however, too much use of such technical terminologies must be avoided. It should only be used where it is necessary. The anthropology personal statement should discuss the candidate’s moral values. It should also discuss the work experience of the candidate and tell the audience what he/she has learnt from those experiences. The statement of purpose should also tell the readers how those work experiences or moral values impact your future goals. Ensure before submitting the essay that it doesn’t exceed the word limit as mentioned in the prompt. Read through the personal statement thoroughly so that you can correct any grammar or spelling mistakes. Such mistakes make the candidate look careless in the eyes of the admission officers. So proofread the statement carefully and make sure you submit an immaculate personal statement.

People (HR) Performance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

People (HR) Performance - Essay Example Main Issues Related to HR The era of Frank Wood had been outstanding as all the operations of the business were under control. He made certain developments in his era such as identification of the various niche markets that helped the company to expand its operation in other parts of the UK. However, after his retirement, the company was handed over to his sons named Harry Wood and John Wood. At the initial stage, the company traded successfully under their leadership. However, their intention was just to take the profits out of the business, with little attention towards the infrastructure. It is evident from the case study that the performance of the two brothers had not been up to the mark as they didn’t have much interest towards the business. One of the most important tasks for a business man is to take into account the competition. It was just because of their poor performance that the company faced liquidity crisis. Now after Harry Wood left the business and Carol Clayt on bought 50% interest of the business, the partnership of the two companies seems to have not worked well. Thus, they had to sell off the business to Josiah Saint. Saint made an overall assessment upon the performance of the organisation and found out that the overall performance of the employees in the organisation had been quite poor. It was because of the carelessness of the employees that all the three factories namely the Buckhorn Western, Kilsby and Catesby factory faced the problem of high stock of raw materials and high wastages. The promotion manager’s performance, on the other hand, has not been satisfactory as well. It becomes evident from the case study that the employees of the organisation were not well aware of their roles and responsibilities. The staffs working at Imberholme didn’t take into account the suppliers’ working conditions as long as they got the products they wanted. This makes it evident that the attitude of the staffs at Imberholme did not match with the requirements of the organisation. Moreover, data showed that there was poor credit control. Thus, it can be said that the finance manager could not manage the trade well. The performance of the administrative department has not been up to the mark. It is also evident from the case study that the strict regulations and policies of the organisation had prevented the personnel of the organisation from performing well, which seem to have a negative impact upon the industry. It can be said that Mr. Saint had tried to address the main issues that had a major impact upon the organisation and the factors that were leading to the poor performances of the employees. The people in the organisation were also inefficiently managed. Solutions to the Problems The preservation, attraction and development of the high calibre people in the organisation can be the source of competitive advantage for any business. However, it becomes imperative for the companies to appraise the performance of their employees on a continuous basis because their performance may have positive as well as negative impact upon the growth of the organisation. Performance management is one of the key methods, which if effectively carried out may help the employees to understand that their contribution is being recognised. The performance managem

An Assessment of Training - Part II Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

An Assessment of Training - Part II - Assignment Example But having said all these, I have a question or an issue with the selection made for the training program. The training program selected specific people belonging to mid-level management. My question therefore has to do with why not making provision to include at least a sample from all other management levels so that the competency gained could be evenly distributed across the organization. I was particularly happy that you identified the gap that exists in management practice when it comes to the measurement of outcomes and drivers associated with HR. It was therefore a step in the right direction that the proposed training program was made to be around this all important area of organizational development. My major issue with your training program however has to do with the limited use of assessment metrics and modules in knowing or determining the outcome with the program. As quote (Becker, Huselid & Ulrich, 2001) noted, the real measure of the success of a training program is in the extent to which the outcomes match the objectives. It would have therefore been important if you clearly stated your objectives and supported them with a metric that makes it possible for you to assess the training. Going into the future also, I strongly suggest that all training programs can be as thoroughly involving of all employees as

Child vaccines should be optional (this is a PERSUASIVE PAPER) Essay

Child vaccines should be optional (this is a PERSUASIVE PAPER) - Essay Example By doing this, it stimulates the immune system in order to fight the disease if the child catches it. This is known as vaccination. McTaggart contradicts that vaccines are helpful by to children by pointing out that vaccination problems far outweigh those of going unvaccinated. Therefore, there are many questions concerning the safety and effectiveness of vaccines as opposed to those of going unvaccinated (McTaggart 1992, 1-5). Vaccines can cause complications that are more harmful than those of going unvaccinated or even the disease itself. Professor of epidemiology at the university of Washington, Dr Russell Alexander, points out that the people that determine the risks of vaccination does not compare it to those risks of being unvaccinated (Miller 1993, 9-9). This means that the research done by the panel, which said vaccination risks are 'too small to count', contains many weaknesses. McTaggart links the appearance of learning disabilities, autism, and hyperactivity to the beginning of the mass vaccination programs. Thus, vaccination is directly related to many diseases; and some are still unknown. McTaggart adds that the mumps vaccine has proved to be a direct cause of seizures, meningitis, deafness, and encephalitis. These diseases are extremely dangerous and cannot be cured. Dr J Anthony Morris, an immunization specialist formerly of America's 'National Institutes of Health' and 'Food and Drug Admin istration' states that in several of the studies, the measles vaccine strain has been recovered from the spines of the victims. This shows conclusively that the vaccine caused the encephalitis' (McTaggart 1992, 5-5). As a medical authority, Doctor Morris relates the measles vaccine to deadly diseases; such as encephalitis. On the other hand, the risks of catching the disease for unvaccinated children are similar, but less, to the risks of developing harmful complications due to the vaccine. Therefore, vaccination is more risky to your child than going unvaccinated. In addition to the safety problems, vaccines have also proven to be ineffective among many children. McTaggart reasons the current debate about vaccination and states that the measles portion of the triple shot is not working. This means that children who receive the MMR shot, also known as the measles, mumps, and rubella, are not completely immune against these diseases. McTaggart adds that the cases of measles have increased during the last decade. Similar to measles, McTaggart states that rubella's portion of the vaccine showed failure to prevent this fatal disease (McTaggart 1992, 13-13). Therefore, the fact that vaccination is not effective is common in many diseases. According to the 'Centers for Disease Control Morbidity and Mortality' in 1985, about 80 percent of measles cases occurring in children in America were in vaccinated ones who were vaccinated at the appropriate age (McTaggart 1992 3-3). Therefore it has been proven that vaccinations are ineffective against some dise ases. Vaccine supporters defend vaccines by claiming that vaccines caused a reduction in the number of disease

Applications of Total Quality Management Essay Example for Free

Applications of Total Quality Management Essay Total Quality Management (TQM) is a philosophy of management that strives to make the best use of all available resources and opportunities through continuous improvement. TQM means achieving quality in terms of all functions of the enterprise. Many researchers attempted to analyze how IT and TQM can jointly add value to organizations and the purpose of this first post on TQM is to evaluate the practicality of TQM in an IT service. In this evaluation, a balance of the service management needs with the reality of bottom-line effectiveness is provided. The post also provides a list of critical success factors to consider in a change management initiative engaged by an IT service. TQM in Practice : The essence of quality is to do it right the first time, and to satisfy customer requirements every time by involving everyone in the organization. The works of Crosby and his colleagues on the evolution of TQM cut across all pervasive philosophies of management. TQM has been a key business improvement strategy since the 1970s, as it has been deemed essential for improving efficiency and competitiveness. TQM aims to achieve an overall effectiveness which is higher than the individual outputs from the sub-systems such as design, planning, production, distribution, customer focus strategy, quality tools and employee involvement. This philosophy of management strives to make the best use of all available resources and opportunities through continuous improvement. As a management philosophy, TQM makes use of particular set of principles, practices, and techniques to expand business and profits and provides a bypass to enhanced productivity by avoiding rework, rejects, waste, customer complaints, and high cost. This can be achieved by emphasizing the organization’s commitment from data-driven, problem-solving approaches to quality accruing. The five basic pillars of TQM are : a) top management commitment for quality enhancement, b) customer centric advancements of processes and building a long-lasting trustworthy relationship between the organization and the customer, c) relentless development by setting goals and deadlines, d) benchmarking with several specific tools and quality-adding techniques, and e) strengthening the employee base by concentrating at any stage of a process on quality, where customer satisfaction is stationed. Table 1 provides a summary of the key dimensions that constitute TQM. TQM key dimensions : 1. Top management leadership : Top management commitment is one of the major determinants of successful TQM implementation. Top management has to be the first in applying and stimulating the TQM approach, and they have to accept the maximum responsibility for the product and service offering. Top management also has to provide the necessary leadership to motivate all employees. 2. Customer relationships : The needs of customers and consumers and their satisfaction should always be in the mind of all employees. It is necessary to identify these needs and their level of satisfaction. 3. Supplier relationships : Quality is a more important factor than price in selecting suppliers. Long-term relationship with suppliers has to be established and the company has to collaborate with suppliers to help improve the quality of products/services. 4. Workforce management : Workforce management has to be guided by the principles of: training, empowerment of workers and teamwork. Adequate plans of personnel recruitment and training have to be implemented and workers need the necessary skills to participate in the improvement process. 5. Product design process : All departments have to participate in the design process and work together to achieve a design that satisfies the requirements of the customer, which should be according to the technical, technological and cost constraints of the company. 6. Process flow management : Housekeeping along the lines of the 5S concept. Statistical and non-statistical improvement instruments should be applied as appropriate. Processes need to be mistake proof. Self-inspection undertaken using clear work instructions. The process has to be maintained under statistical control. 7. Quality data and reporting : Quality information has to be readily available and the information should be part of the visible management system. Records about quality indicators have to be kept, including scrap, rework, and cost of quality. TQM and Change Management Initiative for IT Performance : A business firm achieves world-class status when it has successfully developed operational capabilities through TQM to support the entire company in gaining a sustained overall performance over its competitors. Although there is insufficient statistical evidence to conclude significant simple relationships between TQM and IT services quality performance, many studies investigated the notion that TQM practices provide approaches to improve the economic position in the service sectors in general. Both IT and TQM had, and will continue to have a significant impact on most organizations. I only regret the lack of empirical research on the relationship between the two and how they both relate to business performance.

Macbeth and Lady Macbeth - Who Has the Greater Guilt? :: GCSE English Literature Coursework

Greater Guilt - Macbeth or Lady Macbeth ? Macbeth, by William Shakespeare, is an exciting story containing all kinds of plots and murders. The characters that are killing and are planning murders are all very deceiving and treacherous. Two of the most dangerous criminals in this play are Lady Macbeth and her husband. Together they commit the most dreadful murder by killing the King; Duncan. This is why it is difficult to determine which one of these two carries the greatest guilt, because they each do their own part in committing the crime.   Lady Macbeth would prepare the plan and then encourage Macbeth to go through with it.   Macbeth did the actual murdering, he was also the first person who thought about killing Duncan. Furthermore he did some killing on his own. Lady Macbeth did not have any involvement in these cases.   Based on these facts, Macbeth would be found more guilty than Lady Macbeth. The very first murder in this story   was committed on Duncan. This crime was planned by both Macbeth and Lady Macbeth. The actual murder was done by Macbeth, making him more guilty of the crime.   Lady Macbeth just talked about committing the crime, but she never actually went through with it nor would she ever, and that is all that counts.   Talking about committing the incident is very different from actually doing it.   Lady Macbeth did a little more than just talk about it though. She also urged Macbeth into doing it and that is what makes her part of this crime, but she is not as guilty as Macbeth.   He really didn't have to listen to what his wife said. Macbeth had a mind of his own and he could make his own decision.   The other murders that Macbeth was involved in were not committed by him, but were ordered by him. The people who did the killing had no choice, they had to do it, because they worked for Macbeth.   Macbeth knew this and was a bit more guilty in t hese murders then lady Macbeth was when she urged him.

Nypd Case

Columbia Business School Revised December 18, 2000 The New York City Police Department Patrol System The City of New York is divided into 73 precincts. These precincts are the basic managerial units for the operation of the familiar police patrol cars (called radio mobile patrols or RMPs) we see on the City streets. For staffing purposes the Police Department divides the day into three eight-hour tours of duty: 12 midnight to 8AM, 8AM to 4PM, and 4PM to 12 midnight. A particular police precinct such as the 26th, in which Columbia University stands, may have 6 patrol cars in the field during the typical 8-to-4 tour.In New York about 1200 cartours are fielded on an average day — about 200 on the 12 to 8 tour, about 400 on the 8 to 4 tour, and about 600 on the 4 to 12 tour. Most cars are staffed with two police officers. The primary tasks of the patrol cars are responding to emergencies that are phoned in by citizens via the 911 emergency telephone system and patrolling the stree ts. Annually, there are about 10 million calls received by the 911 system. Incidence of emergency calls is generally very unpredictable, but incidents are most prevalent in the early evening hours.Emergency incidents vary in severity and importance — ranging from reports of crimes in progress to complaints about loud neighbors. Roughly 10% of calls are potentially serious and get high priority from the police. When not responding to 911 calls, patrol cars patrol in their assigned neighborhoods, referred to as sectors. Each precinct typically has 4 to 8 sectors. â€Å"Back-office† operations for the 911 system are located in Police Headquarters in downtown Manhattan at One Police Plaza. Incoming 911 calls are handled by banks of telephone operators, grouped by borough.The operators screen the calls to determine whether or not they are legitimate police matters, and key in to the central computer system information about the time, location, and nature of the incident. If the incident was not previously reported, the information is electronically relayed to the police patrol dispatcher for the appropriate precinct. NYPD Patrol System Columbia Business School p. 1  © 1998, Linda V. Green – 67 – Dispatchers are civilians who are responsible for assigning patrol cars to 911 incidents in the precincts they handle.They also monitor the status of incidents and patrol cars and input all relevant information to the central computer system. Dispatchers are typically responsible for 2 or 3 contiguous precincts. When a dispatcher receives a new incident, the information is automatically added to a computer screen for that precinct, and the job is added to the dispatch queue in priority order. When a patrol car from the precinct is available, the dispatcher will assign it to the next job in the dispatch queue. If the incident is a dangerous one, more than one car may be dispatched.All communications are via radio When a car is dispatched to a jo b, it first travels to the scene of the incident. If the incident is still active, the officers perform whatever tasks are called for and, when done, write up required reports and radio to the dispatcher a final status code. The amount of service time per car per incident (including travel time) varies greatly from incident to incident, but overall it averages about 30 minutes. Allocation of the 1300 car-tours among the precincts is a complex and sensitive issue.Precincts vary greatly in population, physical area, frequency of 911 calls, incidence, and type of crime and special needs. Moreover, the rate and type of 911 calls may vary by day of the week and by season. For these reasons, allocations must be adjusted regularly, and thus it is necessary to have a fast and efficient computer-based method to help determine allocations. Fortunately, accurate data is readily available from the 911 computer system which records detailed information about each call. The table below illustrate s the type of data that is collected and used to help determine allocations for each 8 hour tour of duty.Though at any given point in time the total number of RMP’s is fixed, occasionally the city decides to either increase or cut the number, usually as a reflection of the financial status of the city. The marginal cost of adding a fully staffed car for one tour-of-duty for a year is approximately $300,000 ($230,000 of which is for labor). Suppose the city consists of only six precincts as shown in the table. Your assignment is to allocate patrol cars among these six precincts for the tour of duty described by these data.You may assume that, on average, a car spends 30 minutes on each call in each precinct. Furthermore, statistical analysis has shown that service times are well modeled by an exponential distribution. NYPD Patrol System Columbia Business School p. 2  © 1998, Linda V. Green – 68 – PRECINCT AVERAGE NO. CALLS/ HOUR 6. 4 3. 8 PERCENT OF CALLS HIGH PRIORITY 8. 2 7. 7 TOTAL FELONIES PER YEAR 10,600 6,600 SIZE (SQ. MI. ) 1. 9 . 8 A B C D E F 2. 6 3. 4 1. 5 6. 6 7. 3 13. 8 4. 0 12. 2 4,300 9,400 1,800 8,500 5. 2 1. 0 17. 0 1. 7 NYPD Patrol System Columbia Business School p. 3  © 1998, Linda V. Green – 69 – – 70 –

BTEC national diploma in business 2013-2014 Essay

|Unit Title: Managing Business Information |Unit Code: 26 | |Lecturer: Gaye Snook | | | |Assignment Title: Managing Business Information | |Assignment: 1 | | | |Principle Objectives Assessed: | |1 Understand the importance of information to organisations | |2 Know how organisations use business information | |3 Be able to maintain an information system | |4 Be able to produce information to support decision making in organisations. | | | |Key Skills Competence: | |N3.1,3.2,3.3 | |C3.1a, 3.1b, 3.2, 3.3 | |ICT3.1, 3.2, 3.3 | |Date Set: September 2013 |Date Due: December 2013 | | | |Scenario – You are responsible for the information management with The Box Company a company manufacturing storage boxes. You are asked to | |firstly write a report about the effective management of information. You are also asked to carry out practical tasks for information | |management and to report and present the findings of you information interrogation. | | | |Task 1 | | | |Write a report following an investigation of The Box Company, covering the following points | | | |Describe the characteristics of the information that The Box Company needs | |(this addresses P1) | | | |Characteristics: types of information (qualitative, quantitative, primary, secondary); quality of information (valid, complete, accurate, | |timely, fit-for-purpose, accessible, cost-effective, intelligible) | | | | Explain the sources of information needed in The Box Company | |(this address P2) | | | |Sources: internal (financial, HR, marketing, purchasing, sales, manufacturing, etc); external (government, trade groupings, commercially | |provided, databases, research, competitor information) | | | |Describe how information is used for three different purposes in The Box Company (this addresses P3) | | | |Purposes: record transactions and activities; monitor, control, co-ordinate and plan activities; analysis (patterns, trends); prediction | |(extrapolation, what if?) | |Describe the legal and ethical issues the organisation must consider in using business information | |(this addresses P4) | | | | Data Protection Act 1998, Computer Misuse Act 1990; ethical issues (privacy, access, organisational IT protocols, codes of practice from the | |Information Commissioner’s Office(ICO) and the British Computer Society (BCS) | | | |Explain why business information is important to the success of an organisation, giving several examples of how it is used to help decision | |making | |(this addresses M1) | | | |Decision making (operational, tactical strategic); administration; promote efficiency; develop competitive advantage; increase market share; | | | | | |Write a report to evaluate how a selected organisation could improve the quality of its business information to support decision-making. | |Prepare a presentation of the information and your recommendations. You will be assessed on the appropriateness of the formats chosen. | |Remember to justify your recommendations in your report. | |(this addresses D1) | | | |Tracking fast and slow moving sales will suggest to a retailer how to adjust its product range. Monitoring staff absence will allow | |absenteeism patterns to be identified and absence reduced. Improving the quality of the information will improve the business. | |A senior manager will be likely to understand information presented in a formal report, a junior assistant may be better able to assimilate | |information in a visual format. A poor choice of format hinders communication of the message. | | | | | | | | | | | |Task 2 | | | | You are required to conduct practical exercises on a data management system. You do not need to create this system; your tutor will provide | |this for you. Undertaking the following tasks, format the given data management system into a professionally presented and useful system by | |completing the following tasks | | | |Format Table | |Add grid lines | |Add formatting to headers | |Format cell type (i.e. text/numbers) | | | | Add validation rules to appropriate cells | | | |Add profit column (use formula) | | | |Update Table | |Add new sales for next three months | |Customer 128 has gone out of business, delete this customer | |Add customer 129 – Boxes R Us, 145 Station Road, Maidenhead, Sl4 9UY, 07788 6589652. Anticipated demand from this customer will be 30 of | |product B each month from July | |Change contact for customer 125 to 07799 8745698 | | | |Following the above, in the presence of your tutor who will observe you, interrogate the system to provide analytical data e.g.: | | | |a. Total sales per product | |b. Total profit per product | |c. Total sales per customer | |d. Total profit per customer | |(this addresses P5) | | | | | |Task 3 | | | |Building upon task 2, produce information that can be used to support the following business decision. Scenario – the company is thinking of| |launching a new product, however, due to the capacity of the production line it can only do this if is stops making one of the existing | |products. Use the above analysis in task 2 and the details on the potential new product use to justify your decision proposal. | | | |A ) Produce information in four suitable formats to support decision making This can include the following: using an electronic organiser | |to arrange a meeting to discuss the information, including an agenda of items/issues to discuss; circulating supporting information, as | |attachment to email; producing a report outlining the key findings of your analytical data and producing tables etc to highlight the main | |findings. | |(this addresses P6) This will be supplemented by observations from the tutor. | | | |B) Compare the features of different types of software in producing information to support business activities, e.g. word processing, | |spreadsheets and databases, commenting on the appropriateness of using each for a given purpose. (This addresses M2) | | | |C) Analyse the information from above and explain the significance to the organisation of the information that has been obtained from the | |system. Propose appropriate actions to respond to the given scenario, which must be supported by the information generated. (This addresses | |M3) | |Tutor Signature: GAYE SNOOK | Date: | |Pre-Verified: |Internally Verified: | | | | |Date: |Date: | Assessment and grading criteria In order to pass this unit, the evidence that the learner presents for assessment needs to demonstrate that they can meet all the learning outcomes for the unit. The assessment criteria for a pass grade describe the level of achievement required to pass this unit. Assessment and grading criteria To achieve a pass grade the evid  |P1 describe the characteristics of the |M1 explain how business information is |D1 recommend how a selected organisation | |information needed in a selected |used for different purposes in a selected|could improve the quality of its business| |organisation |organisation |information to support decision making. | |P2 explain the sources of information | | | |needed in a selected organisation | | | |P3 describe how information is used for | M2 compare the features of different | | |different purposes in a selected |types of software used in producing | | |organisation [RL, CT] |information to support business | | | |activities | | |P4 describe the legal issues an |M3 analyse information produced in | | |organisation must consider in using |different formats to support business | | |business  information |decision making. | | |P5 input and manipulate the data entered | | | |into data management software [CT, TW, | | | |SM] | | | |P6 produce information in suitable | | | |formats to support business decision | | | |making. [IE, CT, SM] | | |

Forbidden City †Book Review

Forbidden City – Book Review Free Online Research Papers After I finished reading this unforgettable novel â€Å"Forbidden City†, I think about a lot things happened to Alex who is the most important character in the novel. In my opinion, Alex grows as a person through the novel. Since many things happened to him when he went to Beijing, China, it seemed like a corner in his life. This corner changed the world which he viewed. Alex became from a boy who like military history, adventure, and admire heroes, to a person who knew truth, responsibility, and meaning of brave. Before Alex went to Beijing, he simply likes Chinese military. As he stayed in Beijing for few months, he found that there were more differences than he thought. He becomes more mature. Alex is addicted to Chinese military history, and he made many clay soldiers at his own home. When the students’ demonstration happened in Beijing, the government of China used people to against their people. That’s not like what Alex heard the history story, which talked about using enemy’s power to against them (borrow the arrows). When PLAs used tear gas to repress those people who were in the Tiananmen Square, Alex was shocked by what they did. On June 4, 1989, all PlAs were on Tiananmen Square to arrest students, and Alex found that PLAs were not people’s army. He realized that he just found the surface of the truth before. Before Alex went to Beijing, he likes adventure. As he met with that horrible and bloody massacre, his responsibility was growing. Everything needs to be organized before he wants to do. He felt sorry for Lao-Xu. If Alex didn’t rushed out of hotel at that day, Lao-Xu might not go to Tiananmen Square with him, even death. Alex saw that Lao-Xu felt on the ground with his warm blood. Another thing shows Alex became more and more responsibility, when Alex’s legs were hurt and healing at grandma’s house. He knew that he needed to find his father and he did care about him. At last, before he left grandma’s home to Canada, he smuggled to take tapes out of China. He wanted to help students indeed, and he knew that he had the responsibilities to support and help the students. Even they have different world, life, languages, and colors of skin. They did have a kind heart. Alex wrote this journal as the soldier Ulysses did, and he admired brave people. However, not everything can be done just with passions. In his mind, three people are brave heroes. First, Lao-xu is a hero, even he just bravely stand in front of PLAs’ guns. Hero may not do a huge thing. Second, Alex regarded Xin-hua as his friend in China, also a lifesaver. Some of the students had a miserable life, and Xin-Hua’s determination showed Alex a different world. In order to protect Alex, Xin-Hua paid her own life to their beliefs. After he was turn to Canada, he boiled those clay soldiers, he knew that they were not heroes, heroes were the ordinary people like Xin-Hua, Lao-Xu, etc. In summary, Alex understood more and more about the world and society and people. He grows as a person. Alex used his own experiences with those brave people to find his corner to change his life with more mature, responsible. For my generation, people and experience affect us a lot, teaching us how to grow as a person. Research Papers on "Forbidden City" - Book ReviewBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XStandardized TestingPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyQuebec and CanadaWhere Wild and West MeetHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows EssayThe Hockey GameHonest Iagos Truth through Deception19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraBringing Democracy to Africa

A History of African-Americans essays

A History of African-Americans essays It is often taught that the social and economic conditions of African Americans have been one of Americas greatest struggles. For some, the struggle continues, although changes are evident, it has in no way erased the damage that was inflicted. Others believe that the time has come to move on and consider racism and the residual effect of slavery as a thing of the past. However, its apparent that the conditions of African Americans have improved, and they are making noticeable contributions in the American Democracy. From slavery to today, many laws has been implemented which would normally restrict blacks from improving their social and economic standards. From the passing of the 14th Amendment to amending the Georgia State flag, laws are continually being updated to reflect Americas diversity in regards to African Americans and others. In this paper I will attempt to discuss the progressive improvements of African Americans from their arrival in America in the 15th century until the present day. During a time when it was easier to conform, rather than rebel, Rosa Park, chose the later. Her choice sparked the African American movement during the sixties, igniting others into the bus boycott in Selma Alabama. Today, blacks can now seat wherever they please, and in retrospect, many even sits on the Board of Directors for Transportation Authorities. Many black activists, such as Frederick Douglas, Sojourner Truth, Harriet Truman, and Martin Luther King, sacrificed themselves, and began the revolutionizing of America. Slavery, the condition in which one human being was owner by another. A slave was considered by law as property and was deprived of most of the rights ordinarily held by a free person. Slaves were used principally for personal and domestic service, including concubine. Generally the owner is responsible for providing minimal food, shelter and clothing. The first African brought to the E...

Definition and Examples of Dialect Leveling

Definition and Examples of Dialect Leveling In linguistics, dialect leveling refers to the reduction or elimination of marked differences between dialects over a period of time. Dialect leveling tends to occur when speakers of different dialects come into contact with one another for extended periods. Contrary to popular belief, theres no evidence that the mass media are a significant cause of dialect leveling. In fact, say the authors of Language in the U.S.A., there is considerable evidence that social dialect variation, especially in urban areas, is increasing.   Alternate Spellings: dialect levelling (UK) See Examples and Observations below. Also, see the following related terms: AccentCodificationEstuary EnglishKoineizationLanguage StandardizationReceived Pronunciation (RP)Regional DialectSpeech AccommodationStyle-Shifting Examples and Observations [D]ialect differences are reduced as speakers acquire features from other varieties as well as avoid features from their own variety that are somehow different. This may occur over several generations until a stable compromise dialect develops. -Jeff Siegel, Mixing, Levelling and Pidgin/Creole Development. The Structure and Status of Pidgins and Creoles, ed. by Arthur Spears and Donald Winford. John Benjamins, 1997Levelling, in this sense, is closely related to (indeed, results from) the social psychological mechanism of speech accommodation (Giles Powesland 1997; Trudgill 1986a:1-4), by which (provided mutual goodwill is present) interlocutors will tend to converge linguistically. In a situation (such as in a new town) where speakers of different, but mutually intelligible dialects come together, countless individual acts of short-term accommodation over a period of time lead to long-term accommodation in those same speakers (Trudgill 1986a:1-8). -Paul Kerswill, Dialect Levelling a nd Geographical Diffusion in British English. Social Dialectology: In Honour of Peter Trudgill, ed. by David Britain and Jenny Cheshire. John Benjamins, 2003) How Dialect Leveling Works New Zealand English, which was formed more recently than North American varieties, sheds some light on how dialect leveling works. Researchers there describe a three-stage process: the original settler generations kept their home dialects, the next generation chose somewhat randomly from all the linguistic options available, and the third generation leveled out the diversity in favor of the most frequent variant in most cases. Probably something similar happened in North America, centuries before dialectologists and tape recorders were around to document it. -Gerard Van Herk, What Is Sociolinguistics? Wiley-Blackwell, 2012 The Future of Dialects [A]ccording to Auer and colleagues, it is too early yet to tell if the internationalization of economic and administrative structures and the increase in international communication in present-day Europe will strengthen or weaken the traditional dialects (Auer et al. 2005: 36). For one thing, when no other variety is part of a speakers environment, accommodation is not an option. If urbanization is accompanied by the formation of ethnic or working-class enclave neighborhoods, traditional distinctions may be enforced through dense, multiple social networks (Milroy, 1987). Similar processes in the context of residential and educational segregation are responsible for the maintenance of substantial differences between the English of some African Americans and that of nearby whites. Furthermore, speech accommodation theory, as well as more recent adaptations of it (Bell 1984, 2001), also allow for the possibility of divergence as well as convergence. -Barbara Johnstone, Indexing the Loca l. The Handbook of Language and Globalization, ed. by Nikolas Coupland. Wiley-Blackwell, 20112 Americanisms in British English A phrase which has been ubiquitous in the past week is loved ones. Even Ian McEwan used it, in the elegy he wrote in this paper last Saturday. Loved One got currency in Britain in 1948, with Evelyn Waughs novella of that name. Waugh chose to be highly satirical about the American funeral industry and the obscene euphemisms (as he saw them) of its grief therapists. Mealy-mouthed, mercenary morticians disinclination to call a corpse a corpsethats what loved one connoted. For decades after Waughs blast, no writer of McEwans stature would have used loved one unless contemptuously and with anti-American intent. It still collocates mainly with American death. But its a striking example of dialect levelling (or linguistic colonialism) that its now in non-pejorative British usage. -John Sutherland, Crazy Talk. The Guardian, Sep. 18, 2001